The Physics Of Bar Magnets - 2533 Words

1. Bar magnet is the simplest form to explain magnetism. Bar magnets are permanent magnets and this means that they have magnetism all the time, it can’t be turned on and it can’t be switched off. They have two poles that include: north-seeking pole (N) and south-seeking pole (S). These poles appear to occur in equal and opposite pair. Magnetic meridian is the vertical plane in which the magnet lies. Magnets are made of materials that can be magnetized, which are also the ones that can be attracted to magnet, which are called ferromagnetic materials. These include: iron, steel, nickel, cobalt, some alloys of rare earth metals and some naturally occurring minerals such as lodestone. Mu-metal is a nickel based soft magnetic alloy,†¦show more content†¦Small bar magnets that are responsible for a magnetic behaviour are actually groups of atoms. Electron particles show magnetic behaviour of their motion – each electron has a magnetic moment. Groups of these atoms form small domains, in which the magnetic moments of the electrons are aligned with each other. When material is non-magnetised the domains are aligned in random way so their magnetic field cancels each other out. Properties of a simple bar magnet: 1. Unlike poles of magnet attract each other 2. Like poles of magnet repel each other 3. The force of the attraction of a magnet is greater at its poles than in the middle. 4. If a bar magnet is suspended by a thread and if it is free to rotate, its south pole will move towards the north pole of the earth and vice versa. A magnetic field is the magnetic effect of electric currents and magnetic materials. The magnetic field at any given point is specified by both a direction and a magnitude (or strength); as such it is a vector field. A magnetic field may be plotted by using a plotting compass to define the lines of force. Bar magnet is placed on a sheet of white paper. Starting near one end of the magnet, the positions of the ends of the compass needle are marked by pencil dots. The compass is then moved until the near end of the needle is exactly over the dot furthest from the magnet and a

END OF SEMESTER EXAMINATION MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING

SET 1 END OF SEMESTER EXAMINATION SEMESTER 2, 2012/2013 SESSION KULLIYYAH OF ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES Programme : BBA Level of Study : 3 Time : 2.30 pm – 5.30 pm Date : 26/05/2013 Duration : 3 Hr(s) 0 Min(s) Course Code : ACC 3515 Section(s) : 1-4 Course Title : Management Accounting (This Question Paper Consists of 9 Printed Pages including the cover page) DO NOT OPEN UNTIL YOU ARE ASKED TO DO SO INSTRUCTION(S) TO CANDIDATES 1. ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS. 2. SHOW ALL WORKINGS. 3. DO NOT WRITE IN PENCIL ANY FORM OF CHEATING OR ATTEMPT TO CHEAT IS A SERIOUS OFFENCE WHICH MAY LEAD TO DISMISSAL APPROVED BY: 1 SET 1 SECTION A –†¦show more content†¦petroleum refining. B. chemicals. C. truck tire manufacturing. D. wood pulp production. E. automobile repair. 3 SET 1 12. Which of the following statements about similarities between process costing and job-order costing are true? I. Both systems assign production costs to units of output. II. Both systems require extensive knowledge of financial accounting. III. The flow of costs through the manufacturing accounts is essentially the same. A. I only. B. I and III. C. II and III. D. III only. E. I, II, and III. 13. In a process-costing system, manufacturing costs are accumulated by: A. batch. B. batch and time period. C. department. D. department and time period. E. department or process, and time period. 14. Unit costs in a process-costing system are derived by using: A. in-process units. B. completed units. C. physical units. D. equivalent units. E. a measure of activity other than those listed above. 15. Cost management systems tend to focus on an organization s: A. machines. B. employees. C. activities. D. customers. E. rules and regulations. 16. The biggest challenge in making a decentralized organization function effectively is: A. earning maximum profits through fair practices. B. minimizing losses. 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The Impact of Dividends on Bukit Darah-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Analyze the Impact of dividends on Bukit Darah PLC and the resultant effect on every management decision undertaken that may increase the Companys hedging policies. Answer: Introduction Bukit Darah PLC is an investment holding company that has interest in many other industries such as real estate,oil palm plantations, portfolio assets management among others. OIn this paper, we shall look into the companys dividend policy, how the companys share price has been fairing in the last few years. Decision of Dividends The dividend decision consists in determining the optimal profit distribution volume that allows maintaining an adequate policy of sufficient remuneration and self financing to the actions of the company (Anil Kumar, Kumar and Mariyappa, 2010). Thus, a dividend policy is the decision in which a company distributes profits made for the year versus retention of the same for reinvestment in the company. The main issue that is derived from the dividend decision is whether market value of the company is independent of the dividend policy followed by the company. There are two main positions in economics that disagree with the way dividends are distributed in the company. Modigliani and Miller (1961) is one of the theories advanced in this topic which suggests that the dividend policy of a company is not relevant to the market value of the company (Bingham and Kiesel, 2004). The second position taken by economists is the Gordon (1962) that suggests that when a firm operate on an optimum dividend policy that is able to maximize the value of the firm and assumes that the buyer of a share pays its future dividends (Cassedy, 2004). The economic-financial structure of the company Bukit Darah PLC requires financial resources to carry marketing and other production activities. It needs financial resources so as to finance the investments necessary to be able to carry out its productive activity as well as to be able to face the payment of the current expenses originated by the same (Coyle, n.d.). The balance, for the economic-financial analysis which is the main model of the company, includes in the liabilities and the various financial resources that the company uses, while it relates the materializations of these resources which are investments and jobs (Dalton, 2013). In simple terms, the asset collects the working capital or productive capital and the working capital or financing liabilities. The economic structure of Bukit Darah Plc consists of investment in both current and fixed assets (Hicks, 2000). The investment in long term Assets which are also called fixed assets for the company is fundamentally determined by the capacity of absorption of the market, that is to say, by the demand. There is a necessary unsatisfied demand, which is however not sufficient, condition for an investment to be made in fixed assets and consequently for the company to grow. The investment in short term assets ensures the operation of the operating cycle for the company and is dependent on the value of the fixed assets (Joseph, 2009). Current assets investment is derived or complementary to the investment in fixed assets.The financial structure of the company consists of the resources that the company needs to carry out its activity, that is, the different means of financing, the origin of capital. We will group the financial resources in the following sections: Capital and Reserves The capital stock together with the reserves constitute the own funds of the company. These are the most stable or permanent sources of financing, since they have no maturity, and at the same time they are the ones that bear the greatest risk because, in case of bankruptcy, the partners participate in the value resulting from the liquidation of the company in last place, after having repaid the other credits (Labbi, 2014). Dividend policy of Bukit Darah In the year 2016/17, the company did not pay any dividends t its shareholders, this is the same case to the year 2015/16, where there was no dividends paid to the shareholders. Judging from the past two financial years, in which the company has not paid any dividends we can confidently say that the company dividend policy is a constant pay out ratio (Loader, 2007). Which means that the company pays out a fixed percentage of the companys profits, in this case, the percentage is zero percent of the total earnings. Dividend payout Ratio-DPR ratio is the total dividends paid to shareholders relative to net income of the company.It is the percentage of earnings paid out to shareholders. Bukit Darah Plc has not paid out dividends in the year2015/16 and the year 2016/17, which means that the dividend pay out is zero.Dividend Yield- Dividend yield is a stocks dividend as a percentage of the price of the stock of the company. The dividend yield is given by annual dividend/Current stock price. Dividend yield measures the investment productivity and is also viewed as an interest rate earned on an investment. The share price is 230lkr while the dividend paid is zero. Thus, the dividend yield for the company is zero.Market share value- this is also known a s the market capitalization, it is the market price of the share multiplied by the total number of ordinary shares of the company. The image above shows that the price of the share of the company is shedding. This means that the market cap is reducing, which could be as a result of potential buyers not expecting dividends. Theories on Dividend Policy Between the two previous positions there is a set of theories that are developed theoretically: residual dividend theory, the clientele effect, the informative value of dividends, dividend policy and agency or the theory of expectations. Theory of Residual Dividends :The Theory of Residual Dividends promotes its distribution only when all the investment opportunities have been satisfied; this is when there are residual benefits once the investment policy of the company has been established. The Theory of MM( Modigiliani and Miller) establishes the hypothesis that there is no brokerage expenses, that is to say, there are no expenses of issuing shares; however, the real situation is that there are emission costs in the market, so that the company is more expensive the money coming from the issuance of shares than it gets via retained earnings (Yip, 2008). The effect of issuance costs is to eliminate the indifference between issuing shares to finance dividend payments and domestic finan cing. The maxims are: - Keep the debt ratio constant for future investment projects. - Accept an investment project only if its net present value is positive. - Finance the part of the disbursement of new projects from the ordinary shares, first through internal financing and when it is exhausted, through the issuance of new securities.- If any internal financing remains unapplied after allocating the investment projects, it will be distributed via dividends (Yip, 2008). Otherwise there will be no dividend payment. According to this theory the dividend policy has a passive influence and does not directly affect the market value of the shares Recommendations For a company to use the best practices it should set a non binding policy to the company. The company should at least strive to pay its shareholders who have not been paid for the last two years by putting in place cost cutting measures to increase profits. the dividend policy of the company should be linked to the economic situation of the company and also its long term strategy so that it cannot affect future operations and investments to be made by the company. Companys exposure to foreign exchange risk Exchange rate risk is one of the modalities of so-called market risk, which refers to price variations, and also includes interest rates, financial asset value and commodity prices (raw materials, grains, etc.). It is called this because it is the risk that is run because of fluctuations in the exchange rate. It is particularly relevant for Indonesia and Malaysia. Sources of foreign exchange risk An organization, business or other, or a person, is exposed to exchange rate risk in essentially the following ways: by the mere fact of receiving income in foreign currency or having expenses in it when one operates essentially in local currency; there is always a risk that these revenues or expenses will be lower or higher, depending on the case, at the time of making them; the time factor is exacerbated when the time of receipt or payment is longer, as this increases the likelihood of an unfavorable exchange rate variation. Exporters and importers are well aware of this risk, which in ext reme cases can destroy their margins, by what is called foreign exchange losses, and make them work at a loss. Importance of foreign exchange risks Debts that can be commercial and especially financial; the risk is even greater if you have income in local currency, because with these you may have to pay more than you had anticipated. Many will think at the time of their mortgage or vehicle debts, which in Indonesia are heavily dollarized - with 45% of the loans being dollarized in general. This type of risk is the one that has caused to break in times of crisis to numerous companies in the most varied countries. During the Asian crisis, dollar debts multiplied as a result of devaluations by 1.5 or more times in countries like Malaysia, and Thailand, Indonesia being an extreme case (up to 6 times at any given time, for finish in more than 3 times) (Verma, 2008). By having deposits and other financial assets in foreign currency; these can earn or lose value in local currency equivalent with exchange rate variations. Of course, many will think of their dollar deposits that have lost value from about 3-4 years ago, for example, but losses only materialize when one has to sell them, and in the meantime they are only potential (WARREN, 2018). The same thing happens to companies, which can thus lose a part of their cash reserves, and also to banks, which may have had much of their liquidity in dollars and lose money for it. due to the fact of having debts in foreign currency. Hedging It is important to pay attention to the fact that the index in question has the greatest possible degree of correlation with the assets of the portfolio. If for example the portfolio has a dominant presence of companies in the technology sector, a benchmark index could be the money markets, which focuses mainly on assets in the sector (Sims and Clift, 2001). It is very important to keep in mind that this type of hedging strategies will probably have less return than an uncovered buying position in a period of strong market rises. The cost of accessing lower volatility and lower levels of risk is the lower return offered by hedged strategies during upward periods (Ullrich, 2009). Some investors also prefer to give a dynamic approach to the coverage scheme. In these cases, for example, the level of coverage can be increased when it is considered that the market circumstances so warrant (Rheinla?nder and Sexton, 2011). Internal hedging strategies Due to the fact that companies have both payables and receivables in foreign exchange currency but the companies that have these two classificationsin this respect; They can be classified as Hedging of currencies that values are to appreciateHedging of currencies that values are to depreciate The types of hedging in internal strategies include the following Denomination in currency of local value- the exchange can be completely avoided if the transaction is only done in local currency. To make the things equitable, the invoice transaction risk is the invoice value in spirit (Rana, 2010). This process only distributes the spread risk appropriately between the contracting parties but does not hedge the risk. Leads and lags this is done especially importers and exporters in forecasting of transactions and whether the currency will weaken or not. This means that the currency will be devalued or depreciated or strengthened for future transactions (Mukherjee and Mohammed Hanif., 2006). According to the expectations, the exporters and importers may like to postpone the payment or receipt of the foreign currency. Manipulation of foreign currency will depend on the timing and the expectations of change in currency.. In a hedging strategy instead, we have a buy position in a stock portfolio combined with a sales position in an equity index. In these cases, it is key that the stock portfolio generates a higher return than the rise of the long-term indexes, otherwise it would be more convenient to apply another kind of risk control strategies (Michayluk, 2007) External hedging methods: There are various methods in which external hedging can be classified to represent operations with the specific internal business operations that represent external hedging. The instruments in external transactions undertaken arises from internal business operations should represent the external component of hedging (Malley and Walsh, 2005). The products are known as derivatives and to manage this derivative risks, the transactions of financial instruments derive the financial value through them. Values of foreign currency derive their foreign currency expected risks from the underlying currency. The commonly used derivatives for external hedging are Future contacts Forward contracts Option contracts and swaps; Importance of derivatives in External Hedging includes the following Speculation. Maximizing of profits. Adjusting liquidity and hedging mismatched maturity risk. Export operations pose various risks to the exporting company. In addition to the risk of default or breach of contract are added two other types of potential situations that pose risks to the seller. One of them has to do with the exchange risk that the exporter undergoes having carried out the operation in a currency other than his own (Loukoianova, Neftci and Sharma, 2006). On the other hand, there is also a risk that political or economic circumstances in the importer's country will prevent the exporter from collecting. In addition to the normal risks associated with commercial activity (commercial and financial), the activity there are many more risk factors and uncertainties that can be found. 1.Risk of insolvency or collection risk: It is derived from the insolvency of the importer or from his delay in payment. 2.Risk of termination of the contract: This is the unilateral cancellation of the other party to the contract or purchase commitment. Depending on the sector, the res olution of a contract may have more or less catastrophic. Conclusion In a companies decision making strategy, the best decisions are usually aimed at maximixing shareholders wealth and the continuity of the company through expansion strategies. In this case, the company is using the hedging starategy for long term and short term business appraisal while the dividend policy is being used to make the best dividend payout decisions for the shareholders. A company is its decision makers, bad decision leads to a bad company and vise versa. References Anil Kumar, S., Kumar, V. and Mariyappa, B. (2010).Corporate accounting. Mumbai [India]: Himalaya Pub. House. Bingham, N. and Kiesel, R. (2004).Risk-neutral valuation. London: Springer. Cassedy, P. (2004).Finance. San Diego, Calif.: Lucent Books. Coyle, B. (n.d.).Hedging currency exposures. Dalton, H. (2013).Principles of Public Finance. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. Hicks, A. (2000).Managing currency risk using foreign exchange options. Cambridge, England: Woodhead Pub. Joseph, T. (2009).Corporate accounting. New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill. Labbi, A. (2014).Handbook of Integrated Risk Management for E-Business. Boca Raton: J. Ross Publishing, Incorporated. Loader, D. (2007).Operations risk. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. Loukoianova, E., Neftci, S. and Sharma, S. (2006).Pricing and hedging of contingent credit lines. [Washington, DC]: International Monetary Fund, IMF Institute. Malley, A. and Walsh, R. (2005).Corporate accounting. Bondi, N.S.W.: Learnnow Publications. Michayluk, D. (2007).Survey research in finance. Bradford, England: Emerald Group Pub. Mukherjee, A. and Mohammed Hanif. (2006).Corporate accounting. New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill. Rana, G. (2010).Corporate accounting. Jaipur: ABD Publishers. Rheinla?nder, T. and Sexton, J. (2011).Hedging derivatives. Singapore: World Scientific. Sims, M. and Clift, R. (2001).Australian corporate accounting. Roseville, N.S.W.: McGraw-Hill. Ullrich, C. (2009).Forecasting and hedging in the foreign exchange markets. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. Verma, K. (2008).Corporate accounting. New Delhi: Excel Books. WARREN, C. (2018).CORPORATE FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING. [S.l.]: CENGAGE LEARNING. Yip, P. (2008).Exchange rate systems and policies in Asia. Singapore: World Scientific.

The poem Grass by Carl Sa... free essay sample

The poem Grass by Carl Sandburg is a timeless writing that advances its theme through setting, repetition, and personification. According to the class text, theme is the central message or idea that the poet hopes the reader will take away from the poem (). One of the main themes in Grass is the aftermath of warfare. Sandburg chooses to focus on the death and destruction that results from war instead of the valor or heroism in supporting ones county. He uses lines such as, Pile the bodies high at Austerlitz and Waterloo, to paint this picture (). A second theme touched upon is the one of memory and the past. The grass is used to cover the once red battlefields with a bright layer of green; effectively erasing the lands own scars. This points to the theme that nature will not remember what happened during wartime, therefore, it is up to humanity to remember their own fallen soldiers. We will write a custom essay sample on The poem Grass by Carl Sa or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The final theme in Sandburgs Grass is the longstanding tug-o-war competition between man and the natural world. Man will change the landscape in war but nature will wipe it all away in time. Setting is a fundamental element that provides context for the action of a story (). In Sandburgs Grass, the author uses the names of some of historys more famous battles to convey the theme. Austerlitz, Waterloo, Gettysburg, Ypres, and Verdun were all battles of great carnage and life loss. Sandburg mentions these bloody battles and follows with the line, I am the grass; I cover all. () The line paints a picture of dead bodies, guns, horses, and the injured all mangled together across a battlefield and then the green grass beginning to grow between the cracks to cover and erase. The setting can also solicit an emotional response for the audience which the readers are reminded of when reading about the horrors the green landscape hinds.Repetition is a literary device that repeats the same words or phrases multiple times for emphasis to make an idea more memorable or clear. In Grass, Sandburg enjoys repeating the lines, I am the grass and Let me work for highlight and weight. The poem is written in free verse but is given structure through the repeated pile and shovel phrases along with Sandburgs careful placement of each line (newyork). By repeating these lines Sandburg creates a sense that the grasss work is never done. This plays into the wartime theme in that history is doomed to repeat its battlefield horrors. This poem draws attention to the reality of war and in a sense questions if humanity will do anything to fix the cycle. Another point to notice is that this poem is without rhyme. According to the class text, Rhyme is simply when two words have the same end sound and end rhyme, which is a common in a significant amount of modern poetry but not this piece (). Rhyme gives balance and a sense of completion which isnt the intended effect Sandburg was looking for with this piece of literature. The main line, I am the grass, let me work, is written in a present tense indicating that Sandburg wanted to show the grasss work as incomplete and ongoing (NY). It points the readers once more in the direction of the themes. Sandburg wanted his audience to analyze historys reoccurring cycle of war and the struggle between man and nature. Furthermore, he presses his audience to look deep within oneself and reflect upon the images of wartime aftermath.In the class textbook, personification is defined as when a writer gives a non-human the qualities of a real person (). In Sandburgs poem Grass, the grass is used as the speaker stating phrases such as, Shovel them under and let me work. This shows that Sandburg as given the grass human qualities saying that it has a drive to work. This is personification because the grass is not human and it does not experience motivation, emotions, or a will to work. However, taking up the perspective of the grass in a war setting is a peculiar one. Since grass does not feel or process thought, it doesnt understand the scene of bodies before it that it works to cover. This tosses the responsibility into the hands of humankind. Grass cannot stop war and destruction, it will only work to erase it with the earth that grows up over it. Sandburg points the readers in the direction of the theme again with this point. He acknowledges that only people will be able to remember their death and only people will be able to step in to stop the cycle of slaughter().Through setting, repetition, and personification Carl Sandburg expresses several relevant themes that uphold throughout the centuries in his poem Grass. In the final phrases he engages and turns the attention into the readers, Two years, ten years, and passengers ask the conductor:What place is this? Where are we now?(). Sandburg is showing the readers that they are all the passengers on that train. The scenes of massacre Sandburg alludes to are the very images he wants his readers to reflect upon. This circles back to the main themes of wartime aftermath, memory of the past, and the struggle between man and nature. Sandburg wants to pull the readers into the poem, to get them to acknowledges its themes as a very real reality. In this notion, Sandburg ultimately leaves a door of controversial discussions open.

Family The Root of a Being free essay sample

â€Å"Family isn’t an important thing, it’s everything.† Michael J. Fox, a well-known actor quotes. All children inherit some things from their parents, may it be shape of the nose or blue eyes; I inherited few more qualities than those. I learnt about culture, values and beliefs. I also found the real meaning of teamwork, capability and ability from them. We often visit the kingdom of spirituality together. Every evening my family prays together for betterment of lives, not only of ours but of all those who are in need. We attend the temple regularly and are explained about the culture: what we believe in and importantly, why we believe in it. It has made me proud about my origins and has provided me to stand better in the country with multiple diversities. Teachings from my parents not only on religion but also about life has educated me enough. My parents are very practical teachers on life, love, wisdom and much more. We will write a custom essay sample on Family: The Root of a Being or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I believe that family always has an advantage over other groups of people, as it is a not an artificial manmade group. On the other hand, it is naturally organised group of people with the balance of good and bad traits who learn and benefit together; and that’s where I come from. Every move we have made, may it be a decision or may it be moving countries, we have clutched together into a hurdle and protected and helped each other through those hardships. My parents assisted me to struggle out through the pressure of different cultures by sculpturing my basic inborn ethos; they aided me out through the phase of identity crisis, to the outgoing person who I am now and can communicate with people easily. They spotlighted my capability and ability by keeping faith in my determination during all those hard times of moving countries. They always told me to believe in my capability so I have the capacity to succeed. Being able to care for others, understand problems, seek solutions, to be proud of my originality, being an equal part of the team, to be adaptive and responsible are some of the things from which I come from. Shaping my dreams and making my aspirations stronger by the sturdy values and upbringing which makes me dream bigger and dedicated to my goals; I am thankful to the family. If I were to define myself, it would have a major contribution of my family and our beliefs, because they are everything for me.

How to Make Homemade Vinegar

How to Make Homemade Vinegar You can make your own vinegar at home. Many people believe homemade vinegar tastes better than bottles from the store, plus you can customize the flavor with herbs and spices. What Is Vinegar? Vinegar is a product of the fermentation of alcohol by bacteria to produce acetic acid. The acetic acid is what gives vinegar its tangy flavor and also the ingredient that makes vinegar useful for household cleaning. Although you can use any alcohol for fermentation, you want to use ethanol to make vinegar you can drink and use in recipes. The ethanol can come from any number of sources, such as apple cider, wine, rice wine, fermented sugar cane, beer, honey and water, whiskey and water, or vegetable juice. Mother of Vinegar Vinegar can be produced slowly from fruit juice or fermented juice or quickly by adding a culture called Mother of Vinegar to alcoholic liquid. Mother of Vinegar is a slimy, harmless substance consisting mostly of acetic acid bacteria (Mycoderma aceti) and cellulose. You can purchase vinegar (e.g., unfiltered cider vinegar) that contains it if you want to make homemade vinegar very quickly. Otherwise, its easy to make vinegar more slowly without the culture. Any vinegar you make will contain Mother of Vinegar going forward and can be used to produce subsequent batches of vinegar more quickly. Slow Method Homemade Vinegar Recipe If youre starting from scratch and not using a culture to speed the fermentation of alcohol into vinegar, your best bet is to start with an ingredient that contains a low level of alcohol (no more than 5–10%) and no added sugar. Apple cider, wine, fermented fruit juice, or stale beer make a perfect starting material. Regarding cider, you can start with fresh apple cider or hard cider. Fresh cider takes a few weeks to convert to vinegar because it first ferments into hard cider before becoming vinegar. Pour the starting liquid into a glass or stoneware jar or bottle. If you are using glass, try to select a dark bottle. Fermentation occurs in the dark, so you either need a dark container or else need to keep the liquid in a dark place. The advantage of a clear bottle is that you can see what is happening when you check the vinegar, but you need to keep it darkened the rest of the time.The fermentation process requires air, yet you dont want insects and dust getting into your recipe. Cover the mouth of the bottle with a few layers of cheesecloth and secure them with a rubber band.Place the container in a dark, warm place. You want a temperature of 60-80Â °F (15-27Â °C). Fermentation occurs more quickly at a warmer temperature. The length of time needed to convert the alcohol to acetic acid depends on the temperature, composition of the starting material, and availability of acetic acid bacteria. The slow process takes anywhere from 3 weeks to 6 months. Initially, the bacteria will cloud the liquid, eventually forming a gelatinous layer on the top of the starting material- thats the Mother of Vinegar. The bacteria need air to remain active, so its best to avoid disturbing or stirring the mixture. After 3-4 weeks, test a small amount of the liquid to see if it has converted to vinegar. First, smell the covered bottle. If the vinegar is ready, it should smell like strong vinegar. If the bottle passes this initial test, unwrap the cheesecloth, draw off a little liquid, and taste it. If the vinegar passes the taste test, its ready to be filtered and bottled. If you dont like the taste, replace the cheesecloth and allow the solution to sit longer. You can check it weekly or monthly if its not ready. Note: a bottle with a spigot at the bottom makes the taste test much easier since you can remove a little liquid without disturbing the Mother of Vinegar forming at the top of the container.Now youre ready to filter and bottle your homemade vinegar. Filter the liquid through a coffee filter or cheesecloth. If you plan to make more vinegar, keep some of the slimy material on the filter. This new Mother of Vinegar can be used to speed the production of future batches. The liquid you collect is the vinegar. Since homemade vinegar typically contains a small amount of residual alcohol, you may wish to boil the liquid to drive off the alcohol. Also, boiling the vinegar kills any undesirable microorganisms. Its also perfectly acceptable to use the freshly filtered, unpasteurized vinegar. Unpasteurized vinegar will have a shorter shelf life and should be refrigerated.Unpasteurized (fresh) vinegar may be stored in sterilized, sealed jars in a refrigerator for a few months.To pasteurize vinegar, heat it to 170Â °F (77Â °C) and maintain the temperature for 10 minutes. This can be achieved easily in a crock pot if you dont want to babysit a pot on the stove and monitor its temperature. Pasteurized vinegar may be stored in sealed, sterilized containers for several months at room temperature. Fast Method Using Mother of Vinegar The fast method is much like the slow method, except you have a culture of bacteria to speed the process. Simply add some Mother of Vinegar to the jug or bottle with the fermented liquid. Proceed as before, and expect the vinegar to be ready in days to weeks. Vinegar With Herbs Before bottling your vinegar, you can add herbs and spices to add flavor and visual appeal. Add a packed cup of dry herbs to a pint of vinegar. Pour the herbs and vinegar into a clear bottle or jar. Cover the container and place it in a sunny window. Shake the bottle once a day. When the flavor is sufficiently strong, you can use the vinegar as it is or else strain it and place it into fresh bottles. Fresh ingredients, such as garlic, chives, and celery, may be used to flavor vinegar. Garlic cloves typically are too big to be fully preserved by the vinegar, so remove them after allowing 24 hours for it to flavor the vinegar. You can dry fresh herbs to add to vinegar. Dill, basil, tarragon, mint, and/or chives are popular choices. Rinse the herbs and hang them to dry or else place them on a sheet of waxed paper onto a cookie sheet to dry in the sun or a warm oven. Remove the herbs from heat once the leaves start to curl.

Divorce and it's effects in a child's life Essay

Divorce and it's effects in a child's life - Essay Example In fact, by the years 1999, more than half of all the American children had celebrated their 18th birthday without one or both parents due to divorce cases that had taken place earlier in their lives. Essentially, divorce has far-reaching implications in a child’s life, especially if such a divorce takes place in the early childhood stage (Fagan). For this reason, this paper investigates the impact of divorce on the present and future life of a child, considering the escalating divorce cases in the United States of America and all over the world. For many years, the society has been silent on divorce although it has adversely affected many children either emotionally or psychologically. Indeed, divorce between married parents can also have an adverse effect of the social wellbeing of their child (DeBord). Actually, more children live with a single parent in America today that they were over a decade ago. It is majorly because divorce has been on the rise in the United States and this normally affects the children in a greater extent (Fagan). Long ago, divorce used to be a taboo topic that no one in America wanted to talk about but the contemporary society has made it the order of the day. It actually appears as a simple legal reversal of the marital status of a person and virtually everyone, including persons of high calibre, goes through it (Royal College of Psychiatrists). While many people think that getting a divorce will help solve their martial challenges, the opposite is true to the extent that they face even more challenges in the process. Nonetheless, divorce among parents who have sired children is the most traumatic, particularly to their children. This is particularly so considering that even the mighty within the society are not left behind as far as the filing of divorce cases is concerned (DeBord). Despite the fact